Deep Web VS Dark Web Investigations

How to investigate the deep web and dark web

The terms deep web and dark web are often used interchangeably, but they refer to very different parts of the internet. Understanding the distinction is crucial, especially for organizations working to track down illegal activities online.

The deep web encompasses all parts of the internet that are not indexed by search engines like Google. This includes harmless, everyday content such as online banking portals, academic databases, and company intranets. The dark web, on the other hand, is a much smaller section of the internet that can only be accessed using Tor. It’s deliberately hidden and designed to provide anonymity for its users. While the dark web has legitimate uses, it is also mostly known for illegal activities such as drug trafficking and cybercrime.

For law enforcement and cybersecurity professionals, distinguishing between these two layers of the internet is critical. Investigating a threat on the deep web may involve looking at private but lawful unindexed websites, while investigations into the dark web will require specialized tools and techniques to navigate. 

By understanding these differences, organizations can better allocate resources, identify risks, and approach each layer of the internet with the appropriate tools and strategies.

In this blog we discuss the differences, and the similarities, between the deep and the dark web, as well as how organizations can safely monitor both.

Understanding the deep web

When you casually browse the internet you’re only interacting with a small portion of what’s actually out there. Beneath the part of the internet that is indexed by traditional search engines lies the dark web – which most people will have heard of – and the deep web, which is lesser known. So, what is the deep web?

Actually, the vast majority of the internet is what is known as the “deep web”. The deep web refers to all sites that are not indexed by search engines but may still be accessible via standard web browsers. These sites are difficult to find without a direct link, domain address, and often additional authentication – but in most cases not for malicious reasons. 

We all use the deep web, more often than many people think. The vast majority of sites occupying this space host things like medical databases, internal login portals, academic journals, legal documents, financial records, shared drives, and paywalled content like streaming services. So although the deep web is purposely hidden, this is typically for privacy, security, or copyright reasons.

Illicit activity on the deep web is less common but can still occur. Since the deep web includes private and unindexed spaces, some individuals exploit this for illegal purposes. Examples of illicit activities on the deep web include:

Unauthorized file sharing

Using private file sharing networks or cloud storage services to distribute copyrighted material, such as pirated movies, software, or music.

Corporate espionage

Employees or hackers accessing internal company intranets or databases to steal trade secrets or proprietary information.

Unlawful data storage

Hiding stolen personal information, such as credit card details or hacked credentials, in unindexed or password-protected spaces.

Phishing campaigns

Hosting phishing sites or email scam infrastructure on private, unindexed servers to avoid detection by search engines and authorities.

Fraudulent academic activity

Using academic databases on the deep web to plagiarize research papers or forge qualifications.

While the deep web is not inherently designed for criminal activity, its unindexed and private nature can sometimes provide opportunities for misuse.

Understanding the dark web

Unlike the deep web, the dark web is purposely hidden usually to avoid scrutiny by law enforcement, governments or other entities, like internet service providers. It is also more difficult to access than the deep web, with sites once again not indexed by standard search engines and also not accessible via standard web browsers. Accessing the dark web requires users to download specialized software such as Tor.

It shouldn’t come as a shock that the dark web isn’t especially structured. There are a lot of different sites, for a lot of different purposes – ranging from the malicious, to the mundane. Even when sites do fit into a broader “category”, there are blurred lines. For example, many threat actors sell goods on dark web forums, even though they aren’t necessarily designed to be marketplaces.

Illicit activities on the dark web are more prevalent due to the anonymity it provides through tools like Tor. Some common examples include:

Marketplaces

Marketplaces facilitate the buying and selling of illegal goods, including drugs, weapons, counterfeit documents, and stolen goods.

Hacking services

Hiring hackers for illegal purposes, such as launching cyberattacks, stealing sensitive information, or gaining unauthorized access to systems.

Trade of stolen data

Selling personal data, including credit card information, social security numbers, login credentials, and medical records.

Financial fraud

Trading counterfeit currency, fake IDs, or money laundering services.

Terrorist activity

Using the dark web for communication, propaganda, or recruitment by extremist groups.

These activities are largely enabled by the anonymity and encryption the dark web provides, making it challenging for authorities to monitor and enforce laws in this space. However, law enforcement agencies and cybersecurity experts continuously develop strategies to combat and disturb illegal operations on the dark web.

Tools and techniques for deep and dark web investigations

Investigating both the deep web and the dark web requires specialized tools to ensure safety and effectiveness. While the deep web is generally safer to navigate, certain tools are still required to search private databases or monitor hidden threats. The dark web, however, presents more significant risks, requiring additional layers of security to protect organizations and their data.

Are there tools available that can help organizations to investigate and monitor the deep and dark web in one platform? Tools such as Searchlight Cyber’s monitoring platform are designed to gather and process dark and deep web data, providing businesses with tools to track threats, monitor criminal activities, and uncover hidden information from both sources.

A key feature of these platforms is their ability to monitor vast amounts of data from dark web marketplaces, forums, and other encrypted communications that are present on the deep and dark web. They sort and index data from these sources, enabling businesses to access information that would be impossible to find using traditional search engines. 

Another core function of these platforms is threat intelligence. They provide real-time alerts and analysis about emerging threats, such as new types of malware, ransomware on the deep and dark web, or illicit goods and services being sold. By monitoring activity across the deep and dark web, these platforms can track the movement of illegal items and services, giving organizations an edge in identifying potential threats before they escalate.

Additionally, these platforms are equipped with tools for data mining and analysis, allowing security teams to sift through large volumes of information. They can analyze text, and then use advanced filtering and sorting techniques to highlight critical pieces of intelligence. This helps organizations uncover patterns and identify groups involved in criminal activities.

The value of these tools lies in their ability to navigate vast networks safely and efficiently. For the deep web, tools help organizations locate, access, and assess private data that may not be visible through standard search engines. For the dark web, where anonymity and encryption make tracking activity difficult, these tools are essential for uncovering illicit activity or tracking stolen data. Without such tools, security teams would have a significantly harder time gathering relevant information from these hidden parts of the internet.

Using virtual machines for safe deep and dark web investigation

One of the biggest risks when investigating the dark web, especially, is the exposure to malware, hacking attempts, or accidental leaks of personal information. To mitigate these risks, organizations use virtual machines. At Searchlight Cyber, our dark web investigation tool includes Stealth Browser, a virtual machine that allows users to run an operating system in an isolated environment, separate from their main operating system.

Isolation
Virtual machines create a “sandbox” environment, meaning that if malware is encountered while investigating the deep or dark web, it cannot affect the investigator’s actual device or network.

Safe browsing
Organizations can use virtual machines to safely access the deep and dark web through the likes of Tor, ensuring that any malicious activity is contained within the virtual environment.

Snapshot and recovery
Virtual machines allow organizations to take snapshots of the system state before accessing risky sites. If anything goes wrong, organizations can restore the virtual machines to its previous, secure state, minimizing the risk of permanent damage.

Using virtual machines enhances security during deep and dark web investigations, ensuring organizations are protected from potential threats while gathering valuable intelligence.

Deep and dark web monitoring

Understanding the distinctions between the deep web and dark web is crucial for navigating these parts of the internet safely. The deep web can present risks such as data leaks and exposure, while the dark web harbours illegal activities like the sale of stolen data and illicit goods. Monitoring tools are vital for tracking potential threats, protecting sensitive data, and mitigating cyberattacks. By following best practices, and investing in dark web monitoring tools, organizations can conduct deep and dark web research responsibly, helping prevent costly breaches in the future.